Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2025 finds that almost 92% of the world’s population now has basic access to electricity. Although this is an improvement since 2022, which saw the number of people without basic access decrease for the first time in a decade, over 666 million people remain without access, indicating that the current rate of progress is insufficient to achieve universal access by 2030. Clean cooking access is progressing but below the rates of progress seen in the 2010s, as efforts remain hobbled by setbacks during the Covid-19 pandemic, subsequent energy price shocks, and debt crises.
The report points to distributed renewable energy, in mini-grid and off-grid solar systems, to advance electricity access in remote areas.
These findings were highlighted in a joint statement issued by the IEA, IRENA, the United Nations Statistics Division, The World Bank, and World Health Organisation on 25 June 2025 with the release of the latest edition of the annual report that tracks progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7. The report further points to the role of distributed renewable energy (a combination of mini-grid and off-grid solar systems) to accelerate access, since the population that remains unconnected lives mostly in remote, lower-income, and fragile areas. Cost-effective and rapidly scalable, decentralised solutions can reach communities in such rural areas.
Decentralised solutions are also needed to increase access to clean cooking. With an estimated 1.5 billion people living in rural areas still lacking access to clean cooking, the use of off-grid clean technologies, such as household biogas plants and mini-grids that facilitate electric cooking, can provide solutions that reduce health impacts caused by household air pollution. Over 2 billion people remain dependent on hazardous and polluting fuels such as firewood and charcoal for their cooking needs.
The report notes progress on several other indicators. International financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy grew for the third consecutive year to reach USD 21.6 billion in 2023. Installed renewables capacity per capita continued to increase year-on-year to reach a new high of 341 watts per capita in developing countries, up from 155 watts in 2015.
Francesco La Camera, Director-General of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) says: “Renewables have seen record growth in recent years, reminding the world of their affordability, scalability, and their potential role in further reducing energy poverty. But we need to accelerate progress at this crunch time. This means overcoming challenges, which include infrastructure gaps. The lack of progress, especially on infrastructure, is a reflection of limited access to financing. Although international financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy grew to USD 21.6 billion in 2023, only two regions in the world have seen real progress in the financial flows. To close the access and infrastructure gaps, we need strengthened international cooperation to scale up affordable financing and impact–driven capital for the least developed and developing countries.”
Regional disparities persist, indicating that particular support is needed for developing regions. In sub-Saharan Africa – which lags behind across most indicators – renewables deployment has rapidly expanded but remains limited to 40 watts of installed capacity per capita on average. This is only one-eighth of the average of other developing countries. 85% of the global population without electricity access lives in the region, and four in every five families do not have access to clean cooking. The number of people without access to clean cooking in the region continues to grow at a rate of 14 million people yearly.
The report identifies the lack of sufficient and affordable financing as a key reason for regional inequalities and slow progress. To build on the achievements to date and avoid further regressions resulting from potential risks in global markets, the report calls for strengthened international cooperation of public and private sectors, to scale up financial support for developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Urgent actions proposed include reforms in multilateral and bilateral lending to expand the availability of public capital; mobilisation of more concessional finance, grants, and risk mitigation instruments; improvement in risk tolerance among donors; as well as appropriate national energy planning and regulations.
Key findings across primary indicators
- Almost 92% of the world’s population now has access to electricity; over 666 million people remain without electricity in 2023, with around 310 million people gaining access since 2015. Of the 20 countries with the largest deficits in electricity access in 2023, 18 were in sub-Saharan Africa. The greatest growth in access between 2020 and 2023 occurred in Central and Southern Asia, with both regions making significant strides towards universal electricity access, reducing their basic access gap from 414 million in 2010 to just 27 million in 2023.
- Little to no change was observed in access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking between 2022 and 2023. Although the number of people with access to clean cooking fuels and technologies increased from 64% of the global population in 2015 to 74% in 2023, around 2.1 billion people remain dependent on polluting fuels and technologies. If current trends continue, only 78% of the global population will have access to clean cooking by 2030.
- In 2022, the global share of renewable energy sources in total final energy consumption (TFEC) was 17.9% as TFEC continued to increase gradually. Installed renewable energy capacity reached 478 watts per capita in 2023, indicating almost 13% growth from 2022. But progress is inadequate to meet international climate and sustainable development goals. In addition, global efforts need to address significant disparities. Despite progress in expanding renewable capacity, least developed countries and sub-Saharan Africa had only 40 watts per capita in installed renewables capacity, compared to developed countries with over 1100 watts per capita installed.
- Global energy efficiency experienced sluggish progress in recent years. The trend shows that primary energy intensity, defined as the ratio of total energy supply to gross domestic product, declined by 2.1% in 2022. Although it is an improvement of more than four times the weak 0.5% improvement rate seen in 2021, it is insufficient to meet the original SDG 7.3 target. Going forward, energy intensity needs to improve by 4% per year on average.
- International public financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy increased by 27% from 2022, reaching USD 21.6 billion in 2023. However, the report shows that the developing world received lower flows in 2023 than in 2016, when commitments peaked at USD 28.4 billion. Despite gradual diversification, funding remained concentrated, with only two sub-Saharan African countries among the top five recipients. Debt-based instruments drove most of the increase in international public flows in 2023, accounting for 83%; grants made up only 9.8% of flows.
The report will be presented to decision-makers at a special launch event on 16 July 2025 at the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in New York, which oversees progress on the SDGs. As an annual report it monitors global progress towards Sustainable Development SDG 7: to ensure affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all by 2030.
The report is published by the SDG 7 custodian agencies: the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), The World Bank, and the World Health Organisation (WHO) and aims to provide the international community with a global dashboard to register progress on energy access, energy efficiency, renewable energy and international cooperation to advance SDG 7. This year’s edition was chaired by IRENA.
Click here to read the full report
